What I Doing Wrong - 787 Words

What Am I Doing Wrong? Blood started gushing out of his nose, running down his face. He could not believe what has just happened, his only friend, Matthew, at the new educational institution that he was attending was physically abusing him. With every punch hitting an important organ, Andrew was certain that this intolerable pain was going to end him. He could not comprehend why Matthew was doing this; however, Matthew has a reason for his conduct, and it relates back towards Andrew’s individuality. It was always a personal struggle for Andrew to come to terms with his identity, and it wasn’t until the endings of his intermediate school that he accepted his individuality. He was gay. Contrary to his belief of removing a mental burden, challenges aroused to create scars deep that couldn’t be healed by a bandage. Flying papers like a hurricane revolved around Andrew, and being treated like a personal punch-bag was creating scar tissue that veterans’ have. Andrew stated, to himself, that, â€Å"Publicly showcasing myself should have made me feel better not worse. My definition of who I am, and what I believe in does not match the definition that society has labeled for me. A male, an individual who is athletic, maintains superiority and has attractions towards females. Sometimes I wonder if I made the right decision by accepting myself; if I could go back and change one thing it would be to continue hiding in the closet to stop facing harassment.† As if answering his pleading call,Show MoreRelatedComparison Between Aristotle And Socrates1174 Words   |  5 Pagesakrasia and what it involves. Aristotle believes that the akratic person does wrong even though he/she knows what is right, but that he/she is driven by passions, emotions and motivations. Socrates believes that if a person knows what they are doing is wrong, he/she will not engage in it, as they are aware of the outcome and no one desires negative outcomes. Socrates believes that people s wrong doings are a result of ignorance and that they lack the knowledge to know right from wrong. I agree withRead MoreMy Everyday Life1471 Words   |  6 Pagesthat are caring and all that. I want to know when passing in our everyday life, how do you know what you are doing is right or wrong especially in relationships? Just keep in mind â€Å"passing† means that you are not being who you actually are. Throughout our lives, we tend to have many best friends or friends. That friend is inclined to care for you and be there for you, right? After time has passed, at the end of the day you don’t know if they are true friends or not? What are true friends? That friendRead MoreEssay on Plato Vs Socrates1129 Words   |  5 Pages Platos point of view is different from many other peoples. He says that people do wrong not because they are inherently evil, but because they are unclear about what is best for them. 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TheRead MoreAntigone Essay1186 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Sometimes we need to the wrong things for the right reasons.† There are many instances where this quote stands true, like in Antigone, Twelve Angry, and the decisions by Harry S. Truman and Edward Jenner. There was success but there was also consequences in doing these wrong things. In any event, in some situations, it is right to do the wrong thing for the right reasons. In Sophocles’s play, Antigone, the main character Antigone makes the conscious decision of doing what she thinks is right forRead MoreCultural Relativism Is Not Ideal1677 Words   |  7 PagesChallenge of Cultural Relativism, James Rachel’s main argument is that cultural relativism is not creditable, but the whole theory of what cultural relativists believe, isn’t completely incorrect. Cultural relativism is the theory that beliefs, activities, and most values are based on the person’s culture. In other words, right and wrong is different in each culture. I agree with James Rachel on his view of cultural relativism because he has very good reasons for objecting the argument that culturalRead MoreOrganizational Issues599 Words   |  3 Pages13, 2012 Michelle Clark-Washington Organizational Issues There were two dilemmas presented in the ethics game .The first ethics dilemma was two employees Aaron and Jamal hacking into their company system. Both of the employees thought they were doing the right thing for different reasons. Aaron was hacking the company’s computer system because he felt that the company was hiding unethical practices that he felt the consumers who bought their product should know about. The second employee JamalRead MoreAnalysis Of The Huntress Of Thornbeck Forest1170 Words   |  5 Pagesfeed the people. But when she meets Jorgen, who still has no idea that she is the poacher, she starts to see how she was wrong. The common theme that Melanie has created is choosing what you think is right and wrong. When Odette first started poaching she thought that it was the right thing to do for her starving people. One night Odette brought meat to this family and she says, â€Å"I brought you something. In the morning you will have some fried venison for breakfast. How does that sound† (DickersonRead MoreChildren and Teens Know Right from Wrong830 Words   |  4 PagesDo you believe that children know right from wrong the moment they start to lie? I do, because the moment they don’t listen to you or do something wrong knowing it is wrong but they do it anyway, that’s when they know right from wrong. Two to thirteen year olds are a prime example. But the biggest example is teenagers. Teenagers do crazy stuff that can get them in trouble just to be cool. 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Verbal Bullying Free Essays

string(97) " harassment when it is based on race, national origin, color, sex, age, disability, or religion\." Abstract Bullying may give particular students self-confidence, but school bullying must be stopped. Being the victim of bullying can lower a victim’s self-esteem, cause psychological problems, and have many other long term effects. This research represented ways individuals can see the short term and long term effects of being a bully or the victim. We will write a custom essay sample on Verbal Bullying or any similar topic only for you Order Now There are many demographics of bullying. Suicide and school violence is on the rise. Victims of bullies can often get severely depressed and have low self-esteem. They start thinking of how to take care of the problem themselves. The outcome can take innocent bystanders lives. School is starting for the tri state area kids. Parents are excited, kids are bummed, and teachers are preparing for the new school year. One Subject that parents and teachers have been focusing their attention on is bullying. They have got to prepare to act quickly and know when a student is bullying or being bullied. Parents and teachers are watching for signs of their children being bullied or doing the bullying. Bullying may give particular students self-confidence, but school bullying must be stopped because being the victim of bullying can cause psychological problems, there are different types of bullying and they have many different short-term and long- term effects. According to Bullying Timeline(2008-2009), bullying is not something that has just surfaced in the past ten years, earliest categorized act of bullying behavior is dated all the way back to 1897. Dr. Dan Olweus conducted the first research on bullying in 1970. In 1978 the first book was released, â€Å"Aggression in the schools: Bullies and Whipping Boys. † Dr. Dan Olweus proposed a law against bullying in schools in 1981. In the mid-1990’s, Olweus argument led to legislation against bullying by the Swedish Norwegian parliaments. This was the first proposal of an anti-bullying law. April 20th, 1999, was a revolution for the states, two teenage schoolboys, Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold, whom was persistently bullied, went on a shooting spree wounding twenty-three, fatally shooting thirteen, and taking their own lives. Children, parents and school officials around the country were shocked, and no one could deny the need for more pro-social and accepting school environments and a way to combat bullying among students. (The history of bullying in schools,2008-2009) The Free Online Dictionary’s definition of a bully is, â€Å"a person who is habitually cruel or overbearing, especially to smaller or weaker people. † Bullying hasn’t really changed over the years, what has changed is the technology involved in bullying. Research and attention have become more focused on bullying since early 1970. Free Online Dictionary, 2012) The four types of bullying that are a significant focus. Verbal and physical are the most associated with bullying. Social and cyber bullying is an increasing rise, to focus more on. Verbal bullying is the most common form of bullying. (Teenage Bullying,2009) Growing up we have all heard the saying, â€Å"sticks and stones may break my bones but words cannot hu rt me. † As untrue as that saying is, name calling, rude comments, constant taunting, threats and teasing can be the breaking point for an individual. Words are painful as well as very affective on one’s life. Forgetting something that was said is not always that easy. Verbal bullying is most common among girls. It is easier to bully a girl with words than it is to physically bully a girl. Social bullying is also found typically amongst girls. (Being left out is worst form of bullying according to research,2011) Spreading rumors that are highly embarrassing, untrue, which can make the person feel ashamed about, who they are. Leaving someone out of a group or discussion on purpose, making the victim feel alone and uninvited to participate. Bullies can glare to intimidate their victim for saying something to someone else, or even being present when the bully is around. At times they give the silent treatment because they are mad or jealous of the person. (National Foundation for educational research,2011) Physical bullying appears to be the most obvious kind of bullying. Physical attacks such as: kicking, pushing, tripping, and spitting to show that they are in charge. Rude gestures like, pounding their fist to their hand resembling they will hit their victim. It is a powerful act to intimidate the weak and show who is in charge. Physical bullying is most common in young boys. They tend to use violence to demonstrate power. With the new technology cyber bullying is one of the prime methods in this day and age for a bully. Cyber bullying is the use of technology to harass, threaten, embarrass, or target another person. Facebook, MySpace and other forms of social networks are not the only forms of cyber bullying. Surprisingly, 42 percent of kids have been bullied while online through e-mail, texting, chat rooms, forums, and instant messaging. (Cyber bullying Statistics: Statistics and Tips, 2004) Based on 2004 i-SAFE survey of 1,500 student’s grades 4-8, â€Å"35% of kids using the internet have been threatened online. Survey showed 21% of kids have received mean or threatening e-mail or other messages. While 58% of the kids admit someone has said mean or hurtful things to them online. Significantly, 58% have not told their parents or an adult about something mean or hurtful that happened to them online. On the other hand survey showed 53% of kids admit to having said something mean or hurtful to another person online. †(2004) (Cyber bullying Statistics: Statistics and Tips, 2004) Cyber bullying has changed how persistent bullies can be. When bullying was just at school, kids had home to go to after school and weekends. They only had to deal with bullying on the school grounds. There is no escape for victims whom are targeted at school currently. They are being targeted at home by internet bullying and texting. According to a research done by Stop Bullying,(2011) strangely enough there is no federal law directly addresses bullying, â€Å"in some cases, bullying overlaps with discriminatory harassment when it is based on race, national origin, color, sex, age, disability, or religion. You read "Verbal Bullying" in category "Papers" When bullying and harassment overlap, federally-funded schools have an obligation to resolve the harassment. When the situation is not adequately resolved, the U. S. Department of Education’s Office for Civil Rights and the U. S. Department of Justice’s Civil Rights Division may be able to help. † (Federal Law, 2011) Forty-nine of the fifty states in the U. S. have approved school anti-bullying legislation. In 1999, Georgia was the first to be approved. (Georgia house bill, 2012) Montana is the only state without anti-bullying legislation. (MT-Senate bill 198, 2012) Local tri-state area anti-bullying laws are in affect. In 2007, Iowa jumped on board to create a state law and policies at schools for bullying. Wisconsin joined in 2010, with both school policies, as well as a state law, while in 2007 Illinois only has an anti-bullying law, but no school policy. (Bully Police, 2012) Oddly Illinois is ranked the 3rd most bullied state for k-12. (Top 5 States, 2011) Bullies are often mistaken as loners with low self-esteem. Bully’s naturally have an easier time making friends. It is easier to be a bully’s friend than to be bullied by him/her. A bully’s self-esteem is average or above normal. They are known to come from homes with limited supervision by parents, harsh or physical discipline at home ay have a role model with bullying engagements, and a one parent household. Children who participate in bullying often bully more than one individual. Their characteristics are often but not limited to: being impulsive, having a lack of empathy, as well as, becoming easily frustrated. They also have a tendency not to listen to authority. Generally, they do not like to follow rule s. Some can look at violence in a positive way, and can often be found erratic. Kids who bully have a liking to find other friends who are bullies. Together they can become positive to violence. Children who bully, 2011) What are the signs to look for in children that are bullies? Bullying can be a sign of serious antisocial violent behavior. A victim at home can be a bully at school. Children who bully other kids are more likely to pick fights, be injured in fighting, vandalize property or steal from others, drink alcohol at an early age, smoke cigarettes, do recreational drugs, become absent from school or stop attending all together, and may carry weapons. If you ask a bully about weapons, majority own or have access to. Short term effects of being a bully are feeling the powerful use of anger. Control bullies have over other kids, and fear that was present when they are nearby. At the same time bullies are respected because it is easier to be friends with a bully then be bullied by the bully. The false happiness bullies think they are aiding by hurting others. Long term effects of being a bully. Becoming a criminal in later years of their lives, is a probability. Self- esteem and empathy never mended. Some feel they have reputations to live up to and feel they are invincible. Consequences never fear bullies in the long term effect because they do not care what happens next. For parents to recognize if their child is doing the bullying often have a strong need to dominate situations to get their own way and have the power over the household. Antisocial or criminal behavior at a young age can demonstrate that they are hanging out with the wrong kids. Children with aggressive behavior to rule a parent and not listen to what they have to say, and can become abusive toward their parents to dominate the situation and be in charge. (Children who bully, 1998-2012) Teachers are trained to watch for signs of bullying. Children can be bullied in many ways physical, verbal, and emotional. Crick Grotpeter (1995) discuss how there are more ways than just directly bullying; they can include indirect behaviors that cause a child to feel socially secluded. † Examples of this type of bullying could be leaving the student out of activities, spreading rumors, making him/her feel uncomfortable or scared, telling nasty stories, not allowing the person to speak to other children or be spoken to. This is also called relational aggression, which is primarily, but not exclusively associated with girls’ bullying strategies â€Å"(Crick ; Grotpeter, 1995). Girls are more commonly responsible for the indirect behavior. Boys like to demonstrate their aggression and cause physical damage. In most cases, children are bullied because they are different and stick out in some way or another. Sometimes it is because one is smaller or bigger than the other kids. Age could be a factor in other cases. Being a specific gender, male versus female, or even a person’s sexual orientation could be a cause for bullying. A victim could be bullied because of economic status such as being rich or poor. Race, religion, beliefs and interests could be different from the bullies. There are many demographics for one to be a victim of bullying. Recognizing signs children being bullied can be more difficult than signs of your child being the bully. Children who are being victimized by bullying have one or several behaviors at home. They may come home with bruises, cuts, or other physical appearances without an explanation of how they got there. They do not want to go to school anymore or start taking a different route to and from school. Acting sad, depressed, irritable, and suddenly have temper outburst. May start to isolate themselves from others and become a loner. Schoolchildren who are bullied may suffer from different short-term effects. Anger along with frustration may become collective feelings. Intention is that they want to retaliate, and have the desire for the bully to stop picking on he/she. Some frustration and anger come from not understanding why they are being the victim of bullying. Several start becoming afraid and concerned of what will occur next, and start developing anxiety. Victims from time to time can become depressed and feel it is their fault and begin to think; they hate life, hate themselves and hate existence. Low self-worth may play a part of short term bullying in which can cause illness. Some students may start to be absent from school, start to become a loner to avoid being bullied. Long term effects for the victim of being bullied are far more serious then short term effects. Severe depression is more than just a feeling of being down. Depression is a severe mood disorder in which feelings of unhappiness, along with other symptoms, can interfere with a person’s normal everyday activities for a long period of time. If severe depression is not treated swiftly, selected number of victims may get to the point of hurting themselves, thoughts of suicide, attempting suicide, or considerations or actions of hurting others. The worst case occurrence through bullying is when victims come back and retaliates the best way they feel is gratifying. Human instinct is to hurt someone who is hurting us. Making someone feel the way they have made us feel, becomes the only precedence some have. With that being said, there are school shootings and suicides on the rise. It is no longer just hurtful words, excluding someone from a group or event, giving each other silent treatment, or fist fighting. It has become a fatal concern on the rise. According to Bullying Statistics,(2009) the alarming figures are on the rise. * Suicide is the third leading cause of death among young people, resulting in about 4,400 deaths per year, according to the CDC. For every suicide among young people, there are at least 100 suicide attempts. Over 14 percent of high school students have considered suicide, and almost 7 percent have attempted it. Bully victims are between 2 to 9 times more likely to consider suicide than non-victims, according to studies by Yale University * A study in Britain found that at least half of suicides among young people are related to bullying * 10 to 14 year old girls may be at even higher risk for suicide, according to the study above * According to statistics reported by ABC News, nearly 30 percent of students are either bullies or victims of bullying, and 160,000 kids stay home from school every day because of fear of bullying. Bullying Statistics,2009) In conclusion, being the victim of school bullying can have extreme long term effects on both the victim and the bully. Today’s technology has changed the way kids are getting bullied. Parents are watching for warning signs if their child is the victim of bullying or is the bully. There are many short-term and long-term effects bullying can have on kids. Teachers are particularly watching interactions between kids. Some schools have created bully awareness days or weeks. School violence and suicide are on the rise, distinguishing bullying and being able to solve the problem proficiently, will be the best way to reduce an ongoing problem in the future. Preventing bulling is possible with enough contribution. How to cite Verbal Bullying, Papers

Statistics Assignment

Questions: 1. A basketball player has the following points for seven games: 20, 25, 32, 18, 19, 22, and 30. Compute the following measures: a) Compute the sample mean (the average of the points of each game) b) Compute the sample median c) Compute the variance and the standard deviation 2. Suppose during weekends, 55 percent of adults go to the beach, 45 percent go to the cinema, and 10 percent go to both the beach and the cinema. a) What is the probability that a randomly chosen adult does not go to the cinema? b) What is the probability that a randomly chosen adult go to the beach or the cinema or both? c) What is the probability that a randomly chosen adult doesn't go to the beach or the cinema? 3. A Financial Consultant has classified his clients according to their gender and the composition of their investment portfolio (primarily bonds, primarily stocks, or a balanced mix of bonds and stocks). The proportions of clients falling into the various categories are shown in the following table: Portfolio Composition Gender Bonds Stocks Balanced Male 0.18 0.20 0.25 Female 0.12 0.10 0.15 One client is selected at random, and two events A and B are defined as follows: A: The client selected is male. B: The client selected has a balanced portfolio. Find the following probabilities: Find the following probabilities: a) P(A) b) P(B) c) P(A or B) d) P(A or B) e) P(A/B) Answers: (1). a) Let X be the variable, then mean of X is sum(X)/n, n being the no. of observations. Thus mean =23.71429 b) Median is that value of X say which such that proportion of observations above y is 0.5. After arranging the data in increasing order, we get Median =22. c) The variance of X is , m is the sample mean. Thus variance =30.2381 Standard deviation = =5.498918 (2). a) Let A be the event of going to beach and B be the event of going to cinema. We are required to find P(B) =1-P(B) =0.55 b) Here we are to find P(AUB) =P(A) +P(B) P(AB) =0.55+0.45-0.1 =0.9 c) We are to find P(AB) =1-P(AUB) =1-0.9 =0.1 (3). A: The client selected is male. B: The client selected has a balanced portfolio. Find the following probabilities: a) P(A) =18+0.20+ 0.25=0.63 b) P(B) =0.15+0.25 =0.4 c) P(AUB) =P(A) +P(B) P(AB) =0.63+0.4-0.25 =0.78 d) P(AUB) =P(A) +P(B) P(AB) =0.63+0.4-0.25 =0.78 e) P(A/B) =(AB)/P(B) =0.25/0.4 =0.625.

Labor Relations Essays - Labour Relations, Trade Unions,

Labor Relations This paper will attempt to discuss the cost and benefit of trade unionism, as it exists in the United States. To understand the pros and cons, it is important to understand the environment in which trade unionism developed and the needs they attempted to satisfy. It will discuss the evolution of Trade Unionism through the centuries. From that understanding we can discuss the topic as it relates to our current environment. Historians agree that American Unionism started in the early 19th Century. These early organizations were formed along the lines of Craft. Daniel Mills explains, in Labor Relations, Crafts people worked for themselves, or in small shops. They were often in conflict with customers or merchants which they supplied. (35) These associations were formed to protect their craft, rather than as a collective bargaining union. In the mid 19th Century, America was in the middle of the industrial revolution. We were becoming an urban industrial society. Immigration was becoming a great source of labor supply. These large manufacturing enterprises, exploiting workers without regards to human cost, were ripe for National Union Organization. Jerry Borenstein states in his work, Unions In Transition, They were often loosely organized associations, which were quite short-lived and likely to disappear under hostile pressure from employers and government. (15) The unions of the late 19th and early 20th centuries were formed largely to protect basic human dignity in the work place. Unions addressed basic concerns regarding safety issues, length of work day and wage. They were largely unsuccessful due to the public perception of unions as Socialistic as well as anti American. People viewed trade unions as being disruptive to the flow of free trade. It was only during the 1930's that trade unions, as we know them today, were created and accepted. With the passing of the Wagner Act of 1935, formal, legal protection was now afforded Trade Unions in America. Trade uni ons moved from being virtually outlawed by the US Government to being the beneficiaries of their legal protection. Morgan Reynolds tells us, in his Power and Privilege, the common definition of Labor Union in the American dictionaries is an organization of workers formed for the purpose of advancing its members interests in respect to wages, benefits, and working conditions, through the process of collective bargaining. ( 33 ) This definition is an all encompassing one that justifies the existence of unions. Assumptions must be made by unions and the union members that these items are not being provided for by the employer and therefore require an organization, the union, to fight for them. This definition describes a Good Guy / Bad Guy relationship between worker and Employer, that I believe is too simplistic. Both Union and Management act in a checks and balance relationship that is difficult to describe. We must take specific points of concern and describe the benefits trade unio nism brings to the table. Union Approach Wages Trade unions are filling a need of the American worker just as much today as they did 30, 50 or 70 years ago. Unions historically have represented the workers who were from manufacturing, Blue Collar, job classifications. These workers are not being paid an equitable share of the profits that corporations are making. The disparity between the union worker and the management personnel is ever growing. The AFL-CIO News dated June 28, 1996 describes an incident where Steelworkers were locked out of a Common Wealth Gas plant for turning down a contract calling for more than 50 concessions while two weeks previously management was given 3 million dollars compensation. This occurred while the company was making a record 54 million dollar profit. ( 2 ). It follows, when considering the previous statement, inequities in pay are as prevalent in 1996 as they were in 1926. Unions are needed to lessen these inequities by fighting for workers wages. In Richard Freeman's, What Do Unions Do, he states, Union membership advances pay treatment for groups that are historically the least paid. There is a wider disparity in the wages of Union vs. non Union workers among the following groups. The young, who are the lowest paid, the worker with least tenure, non whites and women. (

Colonialism in Africa

Colonialism in Africa Free Online Research Papers Colonialism and its Direct Effect on the Rise of Nationalism in African Culture In America, today, the struggles of Africans over the course of history have gone widely unnoticed, with the exception of slavery in the America. Africa is a diverse group of people of many different backgrounds and languages. This is due to the colonization of Africa by Europeans, which was followed by many struggles to regain their independence as their own people. To fully understand, a person must take a closer look at colonialism and its direct effect on the rise of Nationalism in African culture. Colonialism is defined as a policy by which a nation maintains or extends its control over foreign dependencies, or in more realistic terms an exploitation by a stronger country of weaker one; the use of the weaker countrys resources to strengthen and enrich the stronger country (dictionary.com). A broad historical understanding of direct European colonial influence on the African continent dates back at least to the spread of the Roman Empire to North Africa. The more contemporary era of European colonialism, that was consecrated by the Berlin Conference of 1884-85, was preceded by a gradual process of European expansion into Africa over roughly four-hundred and fifty years (Schraeder 50-1). Beginning in 1434, Portuguese explorers under the leadership of Prince Henry the Navigator began sailing the West African coastline with intent of spreading Christianity and to enhance Portuguese political-military power. The steady advance of Portuguese explorers marked the beginning of what is commonly called in the West the age of exploration (the charting and mapping of lands previously unknown to European powers, before the ultimate imposition of colonial rule). One of the most devastating aspects of increasing foreign influence in Africa at the end of the fifteenth century was the global perception that slavery was a legitimate and necessary tool of political-military and economic expansion (51). Many slave trade routes appeared with the overwhelming acceptance of slavery by the world outside of Africa. The most prominent was the Atlantic slave trade, also called the European slave trade, which primarily shipped slaves to the Western Hemisphere (52). The Atlantic slave trade began during the fifteenth century and was dominated by the European powers. Slaves were sought as cheap labor to work the colonial plantations in the Americas that produced a variety of products that were exported to Europe. For Africans, the slave trade era sowed the seed of nationalism as Europeans divided and separated families, taking the most able people to work in the Western Hemisphere as slaves. Taking the most abled Africans slowed development in the rest of Africa, and the slaves were kept in the poorest conditions no animal, let alone human being, should suffer through. Often many Africans chose death, by jumping in the shark infested water, rather than continue to live their lives as a slave. While the slave trade sowed the seed of nationalism, the application of the nation-state system sprouted further growth. The origins of the nation-state system lie in the 1648 Treaty of Westphalia, which ended the Thirty Years’ War in Europe. The treaty marked the beginning of the nation-state system, in which sovereign political entities independent of any outside authorities exercised control over peoples residing in separate territories with officially marked boundaries. The imposition of the European nation-state system created a series of artificial states that, unlike their counterparts in Europe, did not evolve gradually according to the wishes of local African peoples. They instead were constructed by European authorities with little concern for local socioeconomic or political-military conditions. Another impact of colonialism was the division of African ethnic groups among numerous colonial states (62). The Somali people of the Horn of Africa are a notable example. Previously united by a common culture but lacking a centralized authority, this classically segmented political system was subjugated and divided among four imperial powers: Britain, France, Italy, and an independent Ethiopia. The problem with division of one people among many states is irredentism, or the political desire of nationalists to reunite their separated peoples in one unified nation-state (63). Another problem with the nation-state system is the opposite of the division of one people among many states. A third impact of European colonialism was the incorporation of previously separate and highly diverse African peoples in one colonial state. Britain’s creation of Nigeria illustrates this colonial practice and its consequences. Nigeria is composed of over two-hundred and fifty different ethnic groups. Only three of those ethnic groups comprises roughly sixty-six percent of the total population and primarily reside in three different areas of Nigeria (64). There are many problems associated with the collection of diverse groups that were never under the same rule until the arrival of colonialism and the nation-state system. It leads to language barriers that will slow the development of the nation-state as a whole. It causes clashes between political cultures. For example, Britain chooses a specific ethnic group residing in Nigeria to be in power. This leads to feuding among the rest of the tribes and ethnic groups because they all believe they should be the elites. The biggest impact that the nation-state system had among the African people was its division of families and friends, which is a vital in every Africans life. The nation-state system imposed boundaries right in the middle of villages, dividing the people among different countries that will have rule over them such as Britain and France. Each country kept strict control of who enters and leaves, making it hard for families and friends to stay in touch, often leading to a total loss of touch with a person’s family. Europeans often imposed their political, judicial, and police systems that were foreign to all Africans, and made them change their social structure to fit the Europeans. Instead of relying on a chief, Privy Council, council of elders, or village assembly, which is what Africans were working with at the time, they had to change their ways of life for the Europeans or face the consequences. Colonialism also imposed a system of a direct export economy. Europeans stripped the lands of Africa for their own benefit and left locals with very little to spare. The hardships that the Europeans imposed developed a sense of identity and pride throughout Africa. Nationalism is defined as a sense of collective identity in which a people perceives itself as different than (and often superior to) other peoples. Nationalism also implies the existence of a variety of shared characteristics, most notably a common language and culture, but also race and religion. The emergence of European â€Å"nations† (or cohesive group identities) generally preceded and contributed to the creation of European â€Å"states†. The result was the creation of viable nation-states that enjoyed the legitimacy of their peoples. This process was reversed in Africa. In most cases, the colonial state was created before any sense of nation existed (81). The idea of freedom, the underdevelopment of Africa, and the development of the concept of Pan-Africanism (feelings of unity) were the reasons why the seed of nationalism that was sowed and sprouted began to fully grow. Adding to the fire was the constant treatment of Africans by Europeans as inferiors, the development on African national unions, rise of Islamic movements, and the rise of the educated class. America also had a direct effect on African nationalism along with other countries that created examples for Africans to follow. In the Atlantic Charter of 1941, the agreement by Roosevelt and Churchill, promised that Africans could choose independence and self-governance. The development of aid and nationalism in Asia also encouraged Africans (in 1947 India took its independence from Britain). Also, the founding of the UN in 1945 increased the hope of all Africans for complete independence. A unique aspect of African nationalism was its inherently anti-colonial character. African nationalist movements were sharply divided on political agendas, ideological orientation, and economic programs. Regardless of their differences, however, the leaders of these movements did agree on one point: the necessity and desirability of independence from foreign control. That desire became a reality for the African leaders and people, but not all at once. There are four major waves of independence in the history of Africa (82). The first wave of independence was marked by peaceful transitions and took place during the 1950s. The wave was led by the heavily Arab-influenced North African countries. Three countries outside North Africa also obtained independence during this period followed by the former French colony of Guinea in 1958. The second wave of independence took place during the 1960s, when more than thirty African countries achieved independence. Most of these countries were former British and French colonies. All three Belgian colonies also acquired independence during this period and were joined by the Republic of Somalia. Aside from some noteworthy exceptions, most notably France’s unsuccessful attempt to defeat a pro-independence guerrilla insurgency in Algeria and the emergence of the Mau Mau guerilla insurgency in Kenya, the decolonization process of the 1960s was also largely peaceful. The departing colonial powers had already accepted the inevitability of decolonization. Questions simply remained as to when and under what conditions (83). The third wave of independence began in 1974. A military coup d’etat in Portugal, led by junior military officers, resulted in a declaration that the Portuguese government intended to grant immediate independence to the colonies in Africa. Coup plotters sought to end their stay because of poorly trained and unmotivated Portuguese military forces that repeatedly fought against highly motivated and increasingly adept African guerilla insurgencies. The violent path to independence in the former Portuguese colonies was further complicated in 1975, when Angolan guerrilla groups clashed in what would become an extended civil war over who would lead an independent Angola. The former French colonies of Comoros, Seychelles, and Djibouti, however, achieved independence under largely peaceful terms. The fourth wave of independence emerged during the 1980s. This wave was directed against the minority white-ruled regimes in Southern Africa. Since 1948, South Africa was controlled by the descendants of white settlers known as Afrikaners. This minority elite established a highly racist system in which blacks and other minorities (roughly eighty-five percent of the population) were denied political rights. The minority white-ruled regimes of Southern Africa were confronted by guerrilla organizations that enjoyed regional and international support. Military struggles were suspended after the white minority regimes agreed to negotiate transitions to black majority rule. Nelson Mandela’s emergence in 1994 as the first democratically elected leader of South Africa signaled the end of the decolonization process and the transition to the contemporary independence era. Through colonialism, which led to slavery and the application of the nation-state system, Africans developed a sense of Nationalism that sparked their movements toward independence. It is through their own will to be their own people that they achieved their current state of independence. Research Papers on Colonialism in AfricaBringing Democracy to AfricaAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 Europe19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraQuebec and CanadaPETSTEL analysis of IndiaDefinition of Export QuotasComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoHip-Hop is ArtAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2Relationship between Media Coverage and Social and

A Review of Zoot Suit, a Book by Luis Valdez

A Review of Zoot Suit, a Book by Luis Valdez In Luis Valdez’s Zoot Suit, the zoot suit has many conspicuous and inconspicuous meanings. The zoot suit is an ostentatious outfit that many Chicano gangsters wore in order to gain recognition of the police and the people of Los Angeles. The boys’ family members believe that the zoot suit symbolizes insubordination while police offers and press view it as delinquency. The boys of the Thirty-eighth Street Gang, who admire the zoot suits, regard the zoot suit as empowering. In the play, there is a clash of opinions as to whether the zoot suit represents power or delinquency. The zoot suit helps many chicano boys of the Thirty-eighth Street Gang identify themselves with the other boys as they face discrimination and aggression from the Downey Gang and police officers. In the beginning of the play, El Pachuco, who is Henry Reyna’s alter ego, expresses his appreciation and passion for the zoot suit. He describes putting on a zoot suit, â€Å"†¦makes [Chicancos] feel real root look like a diamond, sparkling, shinning†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Valdez 1.1.3). Rather than hiding, El Pachuco displays himself as if he is a radiate gem that all can fawn over because he dresses in style, and therefore should commands respect. The zoot suit gives the boys the confidence and swagger to gain esteem from their fellow boys and the Downey gang, a rival group. The boys use the zoot suit as a uniform symbolizing the ideology of a group of individuals fighting for common goal which was Chicano pride. Even more, El Pachuco, who dons the zoot suit, epitomizes the Chicano spirit because he reminds Henry Reyna to not waver from trying to gain respect from the police. In the end, El Pachuco states he is, â€Å"†¦the ideal of the original chuco was to look like a diamond to look sharp hip bonarro† (Valdez 2.6.16). Therefore, the boys looks up to Pachuco as a genuine symbol of what they are fighting for. The boys feel more formidable when the other boys put on the zoot suit because it gives a sense of brotherhood and community. In packs, the boys feel comforted by the numbers but with the zoot suit, the boys feel invincible. In the eyes of the police and the press, the zoot suit is seen as a symbol of misconduct and malice. After the police disperses the barrio dance and Sergeant Smith detains Henry and the rest of the boys who are main culprits of the Sleep Lagoon murder case, Smith interrogates the boys, and sarcastically comments, â€Å"you pachucos are regular tough guys† (Valdez 1.3.1). By sarcastically insulting the boys for being a bunch of tough guys, Smith is in actuality calling the boys weaklings and therefore, considers the zoot suit powerless and only a symbol of rebellion. Sergeant Smith believes that the zoot suit is just a mere ostentatious attire that makes the boys a target of discrimination. He goes further and declares, â€Å"I hear you pachas wear these monkey suits as a kind of armor. Is that right? How does it work? This is what you zooters need a little old-fashioned discipline (Valdez 1.4.41). Smith again uses name calling instead of properly addressing the boys. The à ¢â‚¬Å"zooter† signifies that Smith utterly shuns the zoot suit and thinks its so ridiculous that the boys wear them. He even goes as far as to question the secret powers of the zoot suit as if to play of the boys emotions and taunt the zoot suit further. Clearly, the police dont take the power of the zoot suit seriously. Even the headlines of the Los Angeles newspaper articles â€Å"Zoot-Suited Goons of Sleepy Lagoon† (Valdez 1.5.15) shows the yellow journalism uses zoot suit in a derogatory term and labeled all Mexicans as Zoot Suits. The press goes further and comments that, â€Å"the Zoot Suit Crime Wave is even beginning to push the war news off the front page† (Valdez 2.6.15) in order to reveal to the audience that wearing zoot suits and being seen in them was considered a crime and a rebellious action that cannot be ignored by even the news. The symbol of the zoot suit bring depth to the play as so many different individuals perceive the zoot suit in their own way. For the boys of the Thirty-eighth Street Gang, it defines their group and intentions. By wearing the suit, the boys make a single stance against the oppression and discrimination by the press and the police officials. However, for the press and police officials, the zoot suit only symbolizes the crime and wrongdoing. They believe that the zoot suit only affirms their beliefs that the boys are reckless. The zoot suit is truly a symbol of the disagreement of individuals within the Los Angeles community.

Intellectual Property Law (Trade marks) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Intellectual Property Law (Trade marks) - Essay Example In the absence of these marks, substandard quality or other manufacturing defects might not be traced to their manufacturer. Thus trademarks on the one hand ensure and maintain the reputation of the manufacturer and on the other hand they make the seller liable for the quality of the goods made or sold. The fundamental feature of the Trade mark law is to defend the consumer's investment in respect of the goods or services purchased, from unfair and misleading advertising by immoral competitors. Most of the courts have made it mandatory for trade marks to be non- descriptive of the goods to which they are applied. All goods and services are classified into 45 internationally recognized classes for the purpose of identifying a company's rights in respect of goods or services. As such the trademark registration will be done only for these groups. Again, the trademark application shall describe in detail as to which goods or services of a category being applied for. Thus trademark registration would disqualify applications claiming all goods in a class. Trademarks must be protected and used more frequently compared to copyrights and patents. The holder of a patent or copyright may inhibit its usage by keeping the creation for himself, where as a company obtaining a trademark and failing to use it, or failing to look after it from being used in the breach, is likely to loose the right to it. In the event of a trademarked term becoming generic out of common use or in the event of a consumer failing to recognize it as a trademark or a court ruling to that effect, makes it null and void1. The reasons for rejection or acceptance for registration of trademarks under the Trade Marks Act, 1994 and the registrability of certain type of marks are discussed here under. The smell of roses applied to Rambling Rose Dolls. In the U.K., several scent registrations have been issued as a result of the amendment to the U.K. Trademark Act in 1994. Subsequently, the registration of the smell of roses was done in respect of car tyres in the United Kingdom2. This trend is visible in other European countries also, where applications for scent marks have been filed and the OHIM has accorded permission for the registration of a mark incorporating "The Smell of Fresh Cut Grass" for tennis balls3 and similarly in the case of Benelux4. The intention is to enhance product esteem. Smell marks are registrable if they are already being used or will be used in the future as a trademark. It must be a supplementary component produced by the manufacturer and it should not be a part or arising from the goods or services or the consumer should particularly associate the smell with that product5. The public has been associating the smell of roses with car tyres and this has b een registered so the third clause of registrability is inapplicable to rambling dolls. Registrability of the exterior form of a tin of baked beans produced by Gusto Ltd. The canister of beans in this case, is similar to that used by another prominent manufacturer which though not registered as a trademark was being used for 30 years. This shape will be provided legal protection on the basis of reputation or goodwill. The efforts of a competitor to use a name similar to that being used by a small business which had been doing business from many years without a registered trademark will be

Competitive Markets and Marketing Strategies Essay

Competitive Markets and Marketing Strategies - Essay Example This positioning strategy helps the customers to have product within their minds. To address the target market Scion creates customers' trust to make them willingly follow the company. The goal of the company "is to provide distinctive products, the opportunity to personalize, and an innovative, consumer-driven process at the retail level" (Breaking, Fully Integrated Scion, 2005). Another peculiarity of Scion is that the product design is its own form of positioning. Scion design identifies the brand and a model as a symbol of a youth hippie culture (). This method is an effective strategy for communicating with the audience who consider themselves members of a particular group, "generation Y". Finding that today's youth are different, the new product is designed for those young people who love speed and luxury. Even "if they can't afford luxury, they'll take luxury touches" (Woodyard, n.d.). The car combines the features of "tasteful design and exemplary fit make tC almost seem Lexus-like" (Healey, 2004). Positioning based on design represents an act of personal pleasure, reflect the owner's actual or ideal image. For instance, xA has "the 1.5-liter, four cylinder engine is rated at 108 hp @ 6,000 rpm and 105 lb-ft of torque @ 4,200 rpm.

Aluminium Presentation Essay Example for Free

Aluminium Presentation Essay Ive done my presentation on Aluminium and will be talking to you about its properties, where its found and its uses and why its the best material for these purposes. Aluminium. Chemical symbol Al. Atomic weight approx 27 Atomic number 13 and electronic configuration 2-8-3. Appearance- pure aluminium is a shiny silvery white material. Down to the molecular level aluminium has a polycrystalline structure where the metal has cooled from different areas of the material where. Where these areas meet are called the grain boundary. This structure gives aluminium its many properties. Density The first thing you notice about aluminium is its relatively lightweight. It has a density of 2,7g/mm3. This is about 1/3 the weight of a piece of steel the same size. Resists Corrosion like many other metals aluminium is very reactive in air and thus a fine layer of aluminium oxide is created on the surface. This provides provides a highly effective barrier to the ravages of air, temperature, moisture and chemical attack. 0.000000635cm Highly reflective Free electrons in the metal absorb the light energy then immediately re emit it.emits 90* of the light that it absorbs. This would not happen if free electrons wernt present. Ductile Aluminium can be bent and shaped extremely easily. This is because of it polycrystalline structure. Along the grain boundaries of the material dislocations in the atoms occur. It is the movement of these dislocations that makes this metal very ductile. This is good for shaping aluminium but very bad for its strength. Strength like many other of aluminiums properties it depends on the purity of the material 99.996 per cent pure aluminium has a tensile strength of about 49 megapascals (MPa), Unlike materials such as steel, aluminium gets stronger as temperature drops. rising to 700 MPa following alloying and suitable heat treatment. Conductance aluminium is one of the best conductors of electricity. Because it is a metal it ontains almost a soup of free flowing electrons which make it very easy for a current to flow through it. Aluminium itself conducts about 63% of that of copper of the same mass. Aluminium is also a great conductor of heat conducting about 220 Watts Occurance Aluminium is the most abundant metal in the earths crust. Only the non metal elements oxygen and silicon are more abundant. The largest deposits of aluminium are found in Australia, Guinea and West Indies. Aluminium does not occur in its pure form but as either an aluminium silicate or as bauxite which consists of aluminium oxide and commonly iron oxide also. As seen in the picture the aluminium ore is a redish colour this is caused by the iron ore mix. Bauxite is produced through chemical weathering of rocks in tropical climate. Extraction The method now used for aluminiums commercial production is the electrolysis. An iron pot, lined with carbon, is charged with cryolite and heated to about 800à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C by the electric current. For the electrolysis, a bundle of carbon rods is used as the anode, while the pot itself forms the cathode. The oxygen liberated combines with the carbon of the anode to form carbon dioxide, while the aluminium falls to the bottom of the vessel. More alumina is added and the process continued, the molten metal being drawn off from time to time. Uses Aircrafts Mainly because of its lightweight. This feature is utilized by aircraft and can cut the weight down by up to 5 tonnes. This means planes can fly fast and be more economical. This also applies to all transportation allowing increased loading capacity also. Usually it isnt actually pure aluminium because of its poor strength but instead alloys of aluminium which can be as strong as 700 Mpa. Buildings Aluminium is used in construction mainly because of its corrosion resistance. Its is also a very easy material to shaped and mould making it ideal for the uses in construction Electrics Aluminium is a very economical material as an electric conductor and is widely utilized in power transmission cables. Aluminium only has 60% conductivity of copper but weighs a 1/3 as much making it ideal for large power cables. Heat aluminium is about 3 times as thermal conductive as steel. This feature is used in cooking utensils, engines, air conditioners and it is also being used in energy saving equipment such as solar cells. Reflective Because aluminium is reflective of most electric, heat and light waves it is being more commonly used in the insulation of homes. Harsh conditions Unlike steel which gets brittle in cold conditions aluminium get stronger making it the perfect material to use in harsh conditions. Aluminium is now being used on snow-mobiles Cans aluminium is a non toxic material, smooth, easily washable and is hygienic because no germs an grow on it. Also because malleability it can be shaped into any shaped or form making it ideal for packaging Because of aluminiums low melting point approx 600 C it is the ideal material in this age of energy and resource saving to recycle.

The Detrimental Effects of Deforestation Essay -- Environment Environm

The Detrimental Effects of Deforestation Deforestation has been around for many years. Before America was discovered, fuelwood was the main source of energy, so many trees were being cut down all over Europe to provide energy for the inhabitants. Even still today, 2000 million people in low income countries still rely on wood for cooking and heating (Causes, 1). The rate at which we are loosing our world’s forests is steadily increasing. During the 1980’s, worldwide deforestation rates were at 15 million hectares per year for tropical forests alone (WRM, 1). This compares with 11.3 million hectares that were lost annually during the 70’s- a 50 percent increase (The Problems, 1). And as one might expect, this trend is being continued into the 90’s, as in most parts of the world, the rate of deforestation accelerated during this decade (WRM, 1). There are billions of people living on this earth and we all use paper and wood. So why do we need to concern ourselves with deforestation? I would like to point out several reasons why I feel that deforestation is a problem that we need to work towards correcting. First of all, the effects of deforestation are felt in the atmosphere. Trees soak up carbon dioxide from the atmosphere so that we can breath clean, healthy air. If trees help us breathe, then why are we cutting so many of them down? Besides, forests help stabilize the climate. Cutting down forests releases carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide, causing 25% of the net warming effect on this planet (Durning, 21). Forests provide us with beauty as well. Deforestation takes away some of the beauty of our great country and world. There is nothing I enjoy more than driving through a forest and feeling pride to liv... ...Guide To Working with the Public. Timber Press: Forest Grove, Oregon 1977. Paper Recycling. http://www.org.gov.tw/english.now/hpr.htm. The Challenge of Sustainable Forest Management. Food and Agriculture Organizationof the United Nations: Rome 1993. The Committee for National Arbor Day. http://www.nationalarborday.org/426a.htm. The Problems of Forest Loss. http://www.wri.org/biodiv/intl-ll.html. World Resources Institute, 1998. Thomson, M. and Warburton, M. "Uncertainty on a Himalayan Scale." Deforestation: Social Dynamics in Watersheds and Mountain Ecosystems. Routledge: London 1988:1-13. WRM. World Rainforest Movement. http://www.wrm.org.uv.english/u.causes/. Wadsworth, Frank H. Forest Production for Tropical America. U.S. Department of Agriculture Handbook. December, 1997. Why Recycle? http://www.wvwc.net/recycle/why.html. Wesleyan Recycling Program. Â  

Negative Commercial Influences on Scientific Research Essay

Nowadays, it’s a trend that almost everything is related to the commerce, and so do the scientific research, because the society would like to value the research results. To some extend, scientific research is not only a pure research in the labs or universities, but also a business sometimes. As a result, the commercial influences on the scientific research are so obvious that change the ways that researchers do or the universities behave. Among these effects, negative commercial influences have become more and more clearly. On the one hand, because of the profits, some researchers begin to focus more on the researching speed rather than the quality. In order to succeed quickly, some researchers hope to get a good experiment results as soon as possible. In this case, they may fail easily or receive worse consequences. On the other hand, it has led to some wrong purposes to sell out science to commerce. A new report from the organization Scientists for Global Responsibility looks at the bad impact on five commercial areas which includes pharmaceuticals, tobacco, oil and gas, defence and biotech. [1] From the perspective of the defence, in the theory, it’s normal and reasonable for a country to develop the scientific researches on the countries’ defense. But in fact, with the overwhelming attentions on new military technology and the huge financial support, the research has changed the original pure goals into developing military hardware, even resulting in the competitions among different countries. When it comes to biotech, before the emergence of biotech, business and science operated in largely separate spheres.[2] Whereas, there is also a marriage between the commercial support and scientific researches at present. And sometimes, this kind of â€Å"marriage† may cause big faults that can do harm to human being’s health because of some misleading messages in the biotech area. Admittedly, the cooperation between the commerce and the scientific research has bring some positive effects. First of all, with more financial investments, researchers can have enough money to purchase some advanced equipments so that they can do the experiments they’re willing to trying. Second, the cooperation can help scientists put their researching results in the labs into the real world. If the invents display on the table in the  labs or museum, they’re just the dead thing. But if the invents can be used in the daily life or put into the customers’ market, they may bring something new to make the lives more convenient. However, because of the commercial influences, science has lost the freedom and the time to carry out research as thoroughly and as painstakingly as it should.[3] Generally speaking, commerce has brought both the positive and negative effects on the scientific researches. Even though the cooperation activate research or facilitate people’s life, the negative influences have caused more and more parent shortcomings. So reform is needed to improve the cooperation. References [1]Adapted from Parkinson,S,&Langley,C.(2009).Stop selling out science to commerce.New Scientist,204(2733),32-33. [2]John slaght, ISLC, University of Reading, UK, based primarily on Ho&Saunders(2001) and Pisano(2006). [3]John slaght, ISLC, University of Reading, UK, based primarily on Ho&Saunders(2001) and Pisano(2006).

Ray Bradbury’s “There Will Come Soft Rains” Analysis Essay

Many of Ray Bradbury’s novels tend to focus around the idea that humans downfall will be due to the increased attention to technology and machines are incapable of human emotion. Unlike most short stories, â€Å"There Will Come Soft Rains† does not have any human characters. It is just an automated house. The house performs a routine, similar to a human’s. It makes pancakes, cleans itself, reads poems in the study and more. But for whom? The family that used to live in the house, and the surrounding area, has been wiped out by a nuclear blast. The house does not realize and continues as if nothing is wrong. As the story draws to a close, a tree limb breaks through a window, beginning a chain reaction and starts a fire inside the house. The house desperately tries to save itself, but fails. Ray Bradbury’s â€Å"There Will Come Soft Rains† presents many themes, including that human values are becoming lost, arguing that people cannot control their out come; however, the greatest truth presented is that nature will live on without humans and humanity. Throughout the short story, the idea that human values are becoming lost is prominent. Human feelings, such as sorrow and joy, are only possessed by humans. At the beginning, the only surviving member of the family, the dog, walks into the house extremely sick with radiation poisoning. The dog has tracked in mud and the robotic mice that clean the house are not happy about it. Behind the dog â€Å"whirred angry mice, angry at having to pick up mud, angry at the inconvenience† (Bradbury 2). Instead of feeling sympathy and compassion for the dog, the robotic mice are â€Å"annoyed† at the mess he’s made. Say a human were in the house, they would find treatment for the dog or at least feel sympathy for the dog’s situation. However since the mice are robotic, they are incapable of feeling these emotions. They are simply â€Å"angry† at having to pick up the mess, and shortly after, the dogs corpse. In an essay by Jennifer Hicks, the author discusses the different images in â€Å"There Will Come Soft Rains† and their negative connections. In the story,  everything is computerized, including the kitchen appliances. She discusses a â€Å"stove that cooks by itself, a miracle we all might want, unfortunately creates ‘toast that was like stone’† (Hicks 236). The stove makes the majority of the food in the house for the family. But unfortunately, it lacks the ability to cook the toast to perfection; it is programmed to make it hard as a rock. People are able to cook their own toast to the way they want it. As the story draws to a close, a fire breaks loose in the house and burns everything in its path. The narrator describes the fire as â€Å"†¦crackl[ing] up the stairs† and â€Å"†¦feeding on Picasso’s and Matisse’s† (Bradbury 3). Picasso and Matisse have produced some of the most valued masterpieces that have ever b een created and the fire just burns them away. Machines and robots are not human and therefore cannot posses human qualities. Ray Bradbury suggests that when humans try to change nature, they will meet similar outcomes just like when they try to change their fate. While the house is going through its daily routine, the narrator stops to describe the setting. He describes the house standing â€Å"alone in a city of rubble and ash†¦[and the] one house left standing† (Bradbury 1). From the excerpt, it can be determined that a nuclear explosion has occurred and the entire city has been reduced to â€Å"rubble and ash†. The nuclear bomb was originally developed to protect the people of the United States. Bradbury is telling the readers that what humans create to â€Å"protect† themselves will ultimately bring their downfall. As the story progresses, the narrator describes the incinerator in the cellar. Bradbury compares the â€Å"sighing of an incinerator which sat like evil Baal in dark corner† (Bradbury 2). The incinerator in the cellar is compared to Baal, a false god created by humans. In this situation, Baal is a symbol for human’s creations and their stupidity. Therefore, he represents any other technology in the house. According to the Bible, anyone who worships a false god will be condemned to an eternity in Hell. Since the people in the house relied on technology for every aspect of their life, they were â€Å"worshipping† the technology and ultimately met their demise. Robert Peltier discusses the dangers of technology presented by Bradbury and how humans need to base their lives on arts and humanities rather than technology and objects humans create. Peltier states that â€Å"of  course, Bradbury is really asking us to make judgments about our own lives and the monsters we create to make our lives easier†¦and to make us feel safe in a world where we are destroying nature with our greed and arrogance† (Peltier 237). The â€Å"monsters† Peltier is referring to, are the machines humans use on a daily basis. These demons ultimately bring the downfall of the people, and very possibly the entire world. As humans try to change their existence in an attempt to make their lives longer or more prosperous, they inadvertently make their lives shorter. When humans attempt to play God and change their fate, sooner or later they will bring about their own demise. The most prominent theme throughout â€Å"There Will Come Soft Rains† is that nature will live on without humans. In the story, there are no humans and nature moves on as if they were never even there. In the middle of the story, the house reads a poem that speaks of nature and war. It reads, â€Å" And not one will know of the war, not one/Will care at last when it is done† (Bradbury 3). Similar to the story, a catastrophic disaster has struck and humanity has been wiped off the face of the Earth, but nature lives on and does not care that humans no longer exist. This is an example of irony because a similar tragedy has afflicted Allendale. Donna Haisty discusses the multiple themes presented in the short story. She discusses how Bradbury â€Å"illustrates humankind’s powerlessness in the face of natural forces† (Haisty 3). As the story draws to a close, a tree branch crashes through a window, spilling a bottle of cleaning solvent, which ignites a fire. The fire, being a force of nature, is unconquerable by the mechanized house, a human creation. The house symbolizes humans and their trifling creations while the fire symbolizes the unconquerable quality of nature. When the new day breaks, Bradbury describes it as Dawn showing â€Å"faintly in the east†¦even as the sun rose to shine upon the heaped rubble and steam† (Bradbury 4). After the fire completely destroys the house, the sun rises to a new day. A rising sun is archetypal for rebirth and in this situation; it is rebirth for the world after the attack. Instead of being a rainy and gloomy day, the morning is bright and joyful. Throughout the story, it is evident that humanity is not necessary for the world to exist. Through the duration of â€Å"There Will Come Soft Rains† the themes of human values being lost due to  humans trying to change their outcome and the idea that nature will live on without humans is very prominent. It must not be forgotten that hu man values can never be programmed into a machine; humans cannot change their outcomes, lest they should bring their doom nearer, and that nature has no regard for trivial things such as humans. Works Cited Bradbury, Ray. â€Å"There Will Come Soft Rains.† http://www.elizabethskadden.com/files/therewillcomesoftrainsbradbury.pdf. n.p. n.d. Web. 24 Apr. 2014. Haisty, Donna B. â€Å"There Will Come Soft Rains.† Masterplots II: Short Story Series, Revised Edition (2004): 1-3. Literary Reference Center. Web. 6. Apr. 2014. Hicks, Jennifer. â€Å"There Will Come Soft Rains.† Short Stories for Students. Ed. Kathleen Wilson. Detroit: Gale, 1997. 234-6. Print. Peltier, Robert. â€Å"There Will Come Soft Rains.† Short Stories For Students. Ed. Kathleen Wilson. Detroit: Gale, 1997. 236-8. Print.

Beuraucracy essays

Beuraucracy essays Some examples of bureaucracy in the United States are: the International Revenue Service, which collects taxes from citizens. The Federal Bureau of Investigation, which looks into crimes for American citizens. The Postal Service, which delivers mail to citizens and the Health Care Financing Administration, which reimburses states fro money, spent on health care for the poor. An Iron Triangle is the relationship among an agency, a committee and an interest group. For example the Department of Veterans Affairs is a triangle made up of the house and Senate committees on Veteran Affairs and Veterans organizations. These three would make up a strong alliance with each other. The department would do what the committee wanted them to do and in return get political support and budget appropriations and the committee would do what the department wanted and in return get votes and campaign contributions. The Department of Housing and Urban Developing is also and Iron Triangle because it works closely with mayors and real-estate agents. Another example of this is the Department of Agriculture, which works closely with form agencies. The Small Business Administration works closely with congress and loan programs that make it so strong that even the most popular President cannot beat them. The Federal Communications Commission works with broadcasters and heads of cable-television companies. They however are feeling the pressure of separate demands coming from both the television guys as well as the broadcasters. The common government agency today is not an iron triangle but an issue network. An issue network consists of people in Washington based interest groups, on congressional staffs, in universities and think tanks, and in the mass media who regularly debate government policy on a certain subject. The networks are split along political, ideological, and economic lines. ...

Discuss the similarities and differences in the international trade Essay

Discuss the similarities and differences in the international trade Politics between China and Taiwan - Essay Example Correspondingly, international trade politics between two or more nations also project a clearer picture about the political relationships between those nations (Buthe & Milner, 2008). Correspondingly, this essay will focus on discussing the international trade relations persisting between China and Taiwan, with an intention to understand the similarities and dissimilarities between the political positioning and strategies adopted by these nations when dealing with their diplomatic relations. From a critical point of view, the political relations between these two nations can be described in terms of limited communication, rigidities, and instability. Despite of the instability between these two nations, still trade relationships between them blossomed after 2001 when China became a member nation of the World Trade Organization (WTO). Supporters to this trade relation have often argued that it has been mainly due to the stability in trade relationships between these two nations that have led towards the decreasing level of recurrent political friction to a major extent (Roberge & Lee, 2009). China and Taiwan has remained focussed towards maintaining bilateral trade relationships, which has continued between them since long. The result of this trading effort was that both these nations ended up making a trading profit of $102 billion and the records of 2007 subsequently projected China as the largest trading partner of Taiwan (Roberge & Lee, 2009). As an improvisation step, both these nations started making huge investments with an aim of setting up of new industries linking the economic trade affairs of both these nations. The two nations have also made efforts in terms of convincing banks and other investment organizations for investing in the markets of both these nations. Emphasising the potentials of the trade relation, during 2009, China and Taiwan tended towards signing up of an

Management status Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Management status - Essay Example This therefore implies that it is important to make sure that the workforce is satisfied and relating well with one another. A workforce that is well motivated, working as a team, and has a good working environment are all ingredients required for success of any business. It is upon the management to build of any business to ensure that there is team work I the organization, and that the workforce is motivated. In building employee motivation there is need for the management to create a strong foundation that should act as the main driving force of the employees. Building a foundation involves revisiting the organization’s mission, vision and objectives. It is important to make sure that all employees are fully aware of the organization’s vision, mission, and objectives. This is important since it gives a guideline on what the organization as a whole is working towards. Additionally, knowledge of the mission, vision, and objectives is important for employees to make a self-assessment to determine if they are in correspondence with individual career goals and aspirations. Correspondence of individual career goals with goals of the organization brings a sense of belonging and therefore there are higher chances of feeling motivated. This should be done frequently new employees joining the organization in order to ensure that the entire workforce is well motivated. It is upon the management to build a conducive and welcoming atmosphere within the organization in a bid to motivate the workforce. A good working environment motivates employees and there are hardly any cases of absenteeism. This is because a conducive atmosphere in work places makes employees feel important and comfortable. It is extremely easy to handle all forms of work related challenges when employees are in a comfortable environment. The management should ensure that employees feel comfortable to approach them with all questions regarding work. For instance, the

Analysis of The Concubine's Children by Denise Chong Research Paper

Analysis of The Concubine's Children by Denise Chong - Research Paper Example The idea of adaptation is one that becomes fragmented in identity and in being able to move to a foreign land without associating one’s identity with being foreign. Complexities in Immigrant Adaptation The immigrant adaptation that is developed in various regions is dependent on attitudes, behaviors, definitions and associations with a majority culture. The attitudes which are created create differences between the majority or native groups and the minority groups and immigrants that come from a different region. The first level of adaptation is one which is based on culture shock, which is based on the initial reactions, misunderstandings and lack of understanding about the majority culture. The process then continues with trying to adapt to behaviors, cultural norms, language and identifying the self in a different context. However, this often occurs without completely adapting into society or being a part of the majority mentality and group. The ability to adapt is based on cognitive styles and the association with both individual personality and overall adaptation into society (Witkin, 17). Throughout the explanations offered by Chong, there is a sense of trying to adapt and the continuous displacement that is a part of coming from China and assimilating in Canada. The metaphor that is used is one which is based on having a division of identity in two, one which belongs to the old culture and the other which is a part of the new. â€Å"It was as if the coat, in its last performance, in forbearance and forgiveness, had itself restored the two halves of the family – one in Canada, one in China – to one† (Chong, 3). This particular example becomes a main association in the book where the idea of adaptation also means losing part of one’s identity to gain another. While there is a strong association with the original culture, the need to be a part of the new becomes the main concern. The ability to adapt within society is not only seen with the tearing apart of identity by trying to fit in with the majority. There are also other layers of adaptation which occur. Acculturation and ethnic relations are two areas which are defined when one is working into a society. Acculturation is when an individual decides to begin being a part of the majority culture. Language, food, dress and other appearances are a part of the main culture while the area in which one immigrates form is left behind. The desire is to build ethnic relations with others that are in the community while creating a plural society of multiculturalism. It is noted that this changes security, tolerance and ethnic attitudes among both majority and minority groups while developing attitudes within the larger of society (Berry, 719: 2006). The changes in attitude that are noted with adaptation is one that is also seen in the narration. For instance, when working toward moving into the Canadian community, it is expected that Chen Sam and his family lives in Chinatown, works in a sewing factory and takes their place among immigrants. While this is expected for immigrants, the need to adapt into the society becomes more prominent based on need and the expected lifestyle of those working in the country. â€Å"Chan Sam had his own ideas about what his daughter’s next move should be. ‘Everybody is buying a house,’ he said. He persuaded them to look at what he’d found for sale†¦ Winnie and John liked the neighborhood. There was a United Church across the

Literary paper discussing the writing style, and influince on american Essay

Literary paper discussing the writing style, and influince on american literature of Ernest Hemingway - Essay Example Additionally, the level of focus will be provided with regards to the reinterpretation of Hemingway’s flawed hero and the profound impacts that this type of three imagination and rediscovery of the main character not only influenced upon Hemingway’s work but also has helped to redefine the way in which many other forms of American culture are expressed in exhibited to the audience. As a function of this level of analysis, it is the hope of this author that the contributions of Ernest Hemingway will be more thoroughly understood and the legacy which he has bequeathed to American literature and culture can be more fully appreciated. Firstly, in order to understand minimalism, one must look to the way in which Hemingway so oftentimes sought to represent complex human emotions or occurrences within their most basic understandings. Whereas many other renowned authors had for years attempted to express their thoughts and beliefs to the reader in terms of flowery and overly ve rbose prose, Hemingway instead opted for a basic/simplistic approach that sought to integrate the key idea with the reader in as few words as possible. This level of literary person this was not merely a simple literary technique; rather, it helped to express a profound level of emotional tenseness and also underscored the importance of level to which his prolific use of imagery and symbolism were able to convey additional meanings beyond that which the actual definitions of the words employed could. Said one scholar with regards to Hemingway’s minimalism, â€Å"Hemingway said prose is architecture and the Baroque age is over. Flaubert said close to the same thing, that words are like stones with which one builds a wall. One should be mindful of careless writers whose words have no moorings and are too slippery† (Liu 597). This lack of reliance upon a level of word complexity forced the reader to draw a further level of inference based upon the nuances of the character s that were represented and pay close and special attention to what ever aspects of imagery may represent further understood and in within the story. In such a way, rather than seeking to utilize complex language in tandem with imagery and scenery to affect a stated goal, Hemingway provided a new paradigm in which the use of warning language was reduced to the extent and obvious point in which the reader realized that the minimalism belied a more important complexity of surrounding elements that must be paid attention to. Although it cannot be argued that Ernest Hemingway somehow defined the tragic hero, it must be understood how he reanimated a uniquely American/post World War I interpretation of this hero. In nearly every single one of Hemingway’s works, the hero is something of an existential one. Drawing upon the inspiration of the philosophy and impacts of the time, Hemingway invariably represented these individuals within his stories invariably as deeply scarred individ uals that exhibit psychological ones of posts romance and past experience with relation to violence (Brogan 122). This representation of the hero was undoubtedly affected due to the fact

Human Skeleton and Muscles: Anatomy and Physiology

Human Skeleton and Muscles: Anatomy and Physiology SABRINA PACE-HUMPHREYS UNIT TITLE:Â  ANATOMY PHYSIOLOGY OF THE HUMAN SKELETON AND MUSCLES In a short account explain skeletal and bone features which aid them to carry out their roles, Remember to link structure and function for both. Adult skeletons consist of 206 individual bones arranged in two divisions – axial and appendicular skeleton. The former runs along the body’s midline and includes skull, rib and vertebral column regions. The latter consists of bones in upper limbs such as the radius and ulna, lower limbs and pelvic girdle regions. Skeletal key functions: Support – Structural framework for the body, supporting soft tissues and providing attachment points for skeletal muscle tendons. Protection of internal organs from injury. E.g. rib cage protects lungs and heart. Movement – Most skeletal muscles attach to bones and, on contraction, pull to produce movement. E.g. thigh muscles attach to the femur and pull on it during hip/knee joint movement. Mineral storage/release – Bone tissue stores minerals like calcium and phosphorus which aid bone strength. Minerals are released on demand into blood to maintain mineral balances/travel to other body parts. Blood cell production – Bones like pelvic and rib bones (adults) contain red bone marrow producing red blood cells. Triglyceride storage – Yellow marrow consists of adipose cells storing triglyceride chemical energy reserve. Bones are living organs made of cells, protein fibres and minerals. They include: Diaphysis/Epiphyses – Bone shaft/End Mataphyses – Region between above structures. In growing bone it contains a growth plate/layer of hyaline cartilage that allows the bone to lengthen. Articular cartilage Thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering part of the epiphyses where the bone forms a joint with another bone. Reduces friction/absorbs shock at freely moveable joints. Periosteum Tough connective tissue sheath. Protects bone, assists in fracture repair, nourishes bone tissue, serves as an attachment point for ligaments and tendons. Associated blood supply surrounds bone surface when articular cartilage not present. The inner osteogenic layer, consisting of cells, allows bone to grow in thickness. Medullary cavity Hollow space within diaphysis containing fatty bone marrow and blood vessels. Minimizes weight of the bone by reducing dense bone material where not needed. Tubular design of provides maximum strength with minimum weight. Part 1 – Explain what joint and muscle movements are involved in running and how are they involved. The legs move forward using the quadriceps at the front of the thigh. Quadriceps bend (flex) the hip joint and straighten (extend) and stabilise the knee. As the body moves forward the hamstrings are recruited to straighten (extend) the hip and bend (flex) the knee. They also help to bend the knee behind a runner. At the same time the muscles of the lower leg (inner and outer calf) extend and flex each ankle/foot during landing and take off e.g. plantar and dorsi flexion of the ankle joint. Impact is also absorbed by these muscles. The gluteal muscles not only help to extend the hip but also stabilize the trunk, keeping a runner upright. Hip flexors and extenders work with quads and hamstrings to move legs forward and back as well as stabilizing the hip joint which contributes to good running form. The arms and shoulders are another key driving force for running power. The arms, which when running are held in a partially flexed position at the elbow joint due to the triceps flexing, are continuously moving at the shoulder joint in a backwards-forwards direction when running. This movement is also strengthened, and held, by recruitment of the Trapezius muscles. Part 2 – Explain what joint and muscle movements are involved in working at a computer in an office and how are they involved. When working at a computer the following joint and muscle movements, starting from the tip of the head, are: The cervical vertebrae pivot joint enables our head to turn side-to-side/up and down which assists us when looking for information on a computer screens. Elbow joints, when resting or hovering over a desk, are in a constant 90 degree flexed state with the bicep muscles being flexed to bring the elbow joint to this position. The wrist joints, when working on a keyboard, are moving left, right and up and down closely followed by the finger and thumb joints which are flexing, extending and hovering to enable typing. Midline joints, such as vertebrae, hips, pelvis etc are in a neutral position in order to alleviate back pain associated with sitting for long periods of time. Well developed core muscles in the abdomen, back (latissimus dorsi) and shoulders help to keep us sitting upright in a neutral spinal position by continually contracting. When sitting our hips may often be pushed slightly out of line/forward, the joint is flexed. Gluteus muscles are in a constant state of flexion when a person is sitting as are the knee joints (if a person is sitting with the soles of their feet on the floor). Skeletal muscles have complicated structures that allow them to move, what are these structures and how do they allow muscles to carry out their roles. Skeletal muscle consists of numerous elongated muscle fibre cells arranged in fasciculi bundles. These bundles are separated by endomysium connective tissue with each of these surrounded by a stronger perimysium sheath. Blood vessels transport nutrients/oxygen in and move metabolic waste away. Hundreds of muscle fibres are enclosed within the epimysium connective tissue envelope and extend the muscles full length. Fibres consist of cell membrane, myofibril, sarcoplasm (containing organelles such as mitochondria) and myofilaments actin and myosin. Myosin is surrounded by 6 actin (each consisting of two heads wrapped around each other). At the myosin binding site on the actin (the twist) the myosin head attaches and both filaments overlap creating cross-bridges. When overlapping the myosin head containing ATPase enzyme releases ATP, powering muscle contraction. Muscle contraction triggers when an impulse from the central nervous system is sent to a muscle via a motor neuron nerve. When it reaches the fibre the Sliding Filament Mechanism a series of chemical events causing the above actin/myosin to overlap described above is triggered. Myosin pulls on actin shortening the sarcomere. This signal is synchronized across all fibres so all myofibrils contract simultaneously. Muscular functions are to produce body movements such as locomotion e.g. running; stabilize body positions; store and move substances around the body (oxygen to the muscle and metabolic waste from it); generate heat through contraction vital for maintaining body temperature. Antagonistic muscle pairs work in opposition with one moving a joint in one direction and another moving it back. E.g. the bicep contracts to bend the arm while the tricep muscle releases. Three types of voluntary muscle fibre: Type 1 – Slow twitch fibres using aerobic respiration for sustained muscular contractions, such as maintaining posture. Type 2a – Fast Oxidative Fibres: mix of type 1 and 2b fibres using aerobic and anaerobic respiration to produce fast, strong muscle contractions used in resistance training. Type 2b – Fast Twitch Glycolictic Fibres using anaerobic respiration for short, fast bursts of power. ‘Movement requires muscle and all muscles have antagonistic pairs’. Using this as the title write a short account of how muscle contraction and antagonism is vital for the co-ordinated movement of an organism. 200 words Muscles are attached to bones by tendons so that when a muscle contracts (shortens) it pulls on the bone and, if part of a joint, said bone moves. Muscles can only pull, they can’t push. So, if a joint was only controlled by one muscle, it would cause a problem as the bone would move in one direction and stay there. Voluntary antagonistic muscles work in opposition so that when one group contracts the other relaxes. It’s impossible to fully stimulate the contraction of two antagonistic muscles at the same time. Muscles allow us to stand and sit by contracting/releasing constantly to stabilise the skeleton and to walk and run by contracting/releasing to move lower body limbs. Antagonistic pairs normally consist of a flexor and extensor. E.g. to flex the elbow, the bicep flexor muscle works across three joints while the tricep (extensor) muscle is primarily concerned with extension of the elbow joint. To move our legs we need to use the lower limbs and it is here that antagonistic muscles such as the quadriceps and hamstring work together to move the upper leg limbs while the tibalis anterior works in opposition to the calf muscle to move the lower leg. Bibliography Bbc.co.uk, (2014). BBC GCSE Bitesize: Functions of the skeleton. [online] Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/pe/appliedanatomy/2_anatomy_skeleton_rev1.shtml [Accessed 31 Dec. 2014]. Bbc.co.uk, (2015). BBC GCSE Bitesize: Muscle tone and posture. [online] Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/pe/appliedanatomy/3_anatomy_muscles_rev5.shtml [Accessed 6 Jan. 2015]. Bbc.co.uk, (2015). BBC Science Nature Human Body and Mind Muscles Layer. [online] Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/humanbody/body/factfiles/skeletalsmoothandcardiac/quadriceps_animation.shtml [Accessed 6 Jan. 2015]. Kelly, J. (2014). Leg Muscles Used in Running HowStuffWorks. [online] HowStuffWorks. Available at: http://adventure.howstuffworks.com/outdoor-activities/running/training/leg-workouts-for-runners1.htm [Accessed 31 Dec. 2014]. Mackenzie, B. (2014). Movement Analysis. [online] Brianmac.co.uk. Available at: http://www.brianmac.co.uk/moveanal.htm [Accessed 31 Dec. 2014]. Marieb, E. (1995). Human anatomy and physiology. Redwood City, Calif. [etc.]: Benjamin/Cummings, pp.293, 295. S-cool.co.uk, (2014). GCSE PE How the Body Moves Revision Joints | S-cool, the revision website. [online] Available at: http://www.s-cool.co.uk/gcse/pe/how-the-body-moves/revise-it/joints [Accessed 31 Dec. 2014]. Tortora, G. and Grabowski, S. (2003). Principles of anatomy and physiology. New York: Wiley, pp.290 304.

Basics of Ghost Stories :: Ghost Story Stories Ghosts Essays

Basics of Ghost Stories INTRODUCTION The ghost story writer has to attract the reader's attention straight away. The way story begins is important and often links with the rest of the narrative. The opening of a short story must try to engage the reader quickly. I think all ghost stories should always have a lot of suspense in it, to create anticipation and excitement. Some symbolic object/place for example a knife, a key must play a major part in the narrative. The story should also have lots of detail to get the feeling as if the reader is there to create different types of atmospheres, such as horror, terror, and excitement. They should also have a mysterious end, to make the reader go away thinking about it. Most people are interested in ghost stories because of the thrill and horror that is in it. Ghost story's challenges us to see how much of the paranormal we can take onboard and because it is a story they can always back away from it if it gets too unnerving. I have read "Wish Master", in which a demon awakes from an ancient pot that is destroyed in a robbery in a museum. Then the demon goes around asking people for their wishes and he always does something opposite to fulfil the wish. Ghost stories always seem to be set in lonely or isolated places. The language writers use to describe settings in ghost stories are usually quite unpredictable because there is a lot of descriptive use of imagery to paint a specific kind of picture for the reader. Ghost stories gained prominence in the Victorian period and a lot of classic stories were written during this period. They were written to entertain and feed the imagination of the populace who were intrigued by stories of the supernatural. Atmosphere is mood the writer is trying to create in a story. It is important because it builds a good impression on the reader. It is created through the use of language tools: such as similes, metaphors and onomatopoeia. The atmosphere of the story is developed right from the beginning. It largely depends on the writers purpose/intentions. So you do expect different kind of atmosphere to be created in both of these stories because in the "The Signalman" Charles Dickens is trying to scare the reader and in "The Deadfall" Ted Hughes is trying to get a message across. Atmosphere is important in building tension in the story, which I believe is vital for a ghost story. In 'The Signalman' by Charles Dickens the narrator meets a lonely signalman. At first he seems to be scared of him.

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation Essay

I decided to write my paper about the coagulation system, including clot formation, but mainly about Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation. Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation, also known as DIC, is a pathological activation of blood clotting mechanisms that may happen in response to a variety of diseases, or illnesses. However, DIC, is most commonly observed in severe sepsis and septic shock. DIC is not a specific illness, rather it is a complication or an effect of the progression of other illnesses or diseases. (Porth, 2011). When the body becomes injured, certain proteins in your blood become activated and travel to the injury site to help stop bleeding and control hemostasis. Hemostasis is the normal process of sealing off a blood vessel to prevent blood loss and hemorrhage. It is abnormal when it fails to appropriately clot the blood, or when this clotting is insufficient to stop the bleeding. Following an injury, there is an immediate vessel spasm that promotes vasoconstri ction, which tries to diminish the blood flow. Collagen from the damaged site, releases platelets which adhere to the damaged vessel, and there, they undergo degranulation and release cytoplasmic granules, ADP, Thromboxane A2, and Serotonin which is a vasoconstrictor. The ADP then attracts more platelets to the area, and the Thromboxane A2 promotes platelet aggregation, degranulation, and even more vasoconstriction. This process promotes the formation of a platelet plug. The damaged tissue now releases Factor III (3), which, with the aid of Ca++, will activate Factor VII (7), which initiates the extrinsic mechanism of clotting. Factor XII (12), which comes from active platelets, will activate Factor XI (11), which initiates the intrinsic mechanism. Both active Factors VII (7), and active Factors XI (11), promote a cascade-like reaction, eventually activating Factor X (10). Activating Factor X (10), along with Factor III (3), V (5), Ca++, and Platelet Thromboplastic Factor, all activate prothrombin. Prothrombin activator converts prothrombin to thrombin.Thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin. Fibrin initially forms a loose mesh, but then Factor XIII, (13) causes the formation of cross link-like structures, which convert fibrin into denser fibers. Platelets and red blood cells become caught up in this mesh of fiber, and the end result is the formation of a blood clot. (Liebman, et al, 2008). Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation, as stated earlier, leads to the formation of small blood clots inside the blood vessels, and may occur in 30-50% of patients with sepsis. It develops in an estimated 1% of all hospitalized patients. DIC occurs at all ages and in all races, and no particular sex predisposition has been noted. (Matsuda, 1996). As stated above, that massive activation of the cascade-like reaction as a normal clotting mechanism, now causes a generation of microthrombi to release that make vessels occlude and leads to tissue ischemia. All these clot formations devour the available coagulation proteins and platelets. They become depleted and severe hemorrhage may result. The common bleeding sites are the mouth, nose and venipuncture sites. There is extensive bruising, and multiple organ failure. Laboratory findings show the PT and APTT are usually very prolonged and the fibrinogen level is markedly reduced. High levels of fibrin degradation products are noted. There is severe thrombocytopenia. The only effective treatment is reversing the underlying cause. Platelets may be transfused if counts are less than 5-10,000/mm and massive hemorrhage is occurring. Fresh frozen plasma can also be administered in an attempt to replenish the coagulation factors, though these are only temporary measures and may result in an increased development of even more thrombi. The prognosis varies depending on the cause and extent of the intravascular thrombosis. For patients with DIC, regardless of the cause, it is often sad, and between 10% and 50% of these patients will die. DIC with sepsis has a significantly higher rate of death than DIC that is associated with trauma. References Leibman, H.A., Weitz, I.C. Disseminated intravascular coagulation. In:Hoffman, R., Benz, E.J., Shattil, S.S., et al, eds. Hematology:Basic Principles and Practice. 5th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders, Elsevier, Churchill, Livingstone; 2008: 132. Matsuda, T. Clinical aspects of DIC-disseminated intravascular coagulation. Pol Journal of Pharmacology. Jan-Feb 1996;48(1):73-5. [Medline]. Porth Mattson, C. 2011. Essentials of Pathophysiology. (3rd ed.). Philadelphia, Pa:Lippincott, Williams, and Wilkins. Schafer, A. I. Hemorrhagic disorders:disseminated intravascular coagulation, liver failure, and vitamin K deficiency. In:Goldman, L., Ausiello D. eds. Cecil Medicine. 23rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders, Elsevier, Churchill, Livingstone; 2008:chap 181.